Cfront was the original compiler for C++ (then known as "C with Classes") from around 1983, which converted C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Labs. The preprocessor did not understand all of the language and much of the code was written via translations. Cfront had a complete parser, built symbol tables, and built a tree for each class, function, etc. Cfront was based on CPre, a C compiler started in 1979.
As Cfront was written in C++, it was a challenge to bootstrap on a machine without a C++ compiler/translator. Along with the Cfront C++ sources, a special "half-preprocessed" version of the C code resulting from compiling Cfront with itself was also provided. This C code was to be compiled with the native C compiler, and the resulting executable could then be used to compile the Cfront C++ sources.
Most of the porting effort in getting Cfront running on a new machine was related to standard I/O. Cfront's C++ streams were closely tied in with the C library's buffered I/O streams, but there was little interaction with the rest of the C environment. The compiler could be ported to most System V derivatives without many changes, but BSD-based systems usually had many more variations in their C libraries and associated stdio structures.
Cfront defined the language until circa 1990, and many of the more obscure corner cases in C++ were related to its C++-to-C translation approach. A few remnants of Cfront's translation method are still found in today's C++ compilers; name mangling was originated by Cfront, as the relatively primitive linkers at the time did not support type information in symbols, and some template instantiation models are derived from Cfront's early efforts. C++ (and Cfront) was directly responsible for many improvements in Unix linkers and object file formats, as it was the first widely used language which required link-time type checking, weak symbols, and other similar features.
Cfront 4.0 was abandoned in 1993 after a failed attempt to add exception support.[1] The C++ language had grown beyond its capabilities; however a compiler with similar approach became available later, namely Comeau C/C++.
Analogous to the way cfront can process C++ source code into something that can be compiled by previously-available C compilers, cppfront processes source code written in new and experimental C++ 'syntax 2' into something that can be compiled by previously-available 'syntax 1' C++ compilers.[2][3] cppfront is different in scope in that it doesn't perform many validity checks on the code, instead relying on the C++ compiler for any checks that would require non-local understanding of the code such as establishing correct use of symbols. Cfront on the other hand was a complete compiler that just happened to target the C language instead of an assembler.
References
edit- ^ Scott Meyers, The Most Important C++ Software...Ever, 2006
- ^ "Professional C++ Philosophy and Principles". 2022. p. 373.
- ^ Paul Krill. "Cppfront project aims to modernize C++". InfoWorld.
- Notes
- Bjarne Stroustrup. "Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-14.
- Bjarne Stroustrup. "Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ".
- Bjarne Stroustrup. "The Design and Evolution of C++".
External links
edit- Cfront Releases at C++ Historical Sources Archive
- cfront v3, the cfront re-port for the 4th edition of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- Cfront 3.0.3, "AT&T/Bell Labs C++ to C translator from 1994, modified to build on modern hardware"